'The Living World'-- NCERT based objective questions .

1.What is biology?
Biology is a science of life forms and living processes
2. Who is known as the Darwin of 20th centuy?
Ernst Mayr
3. Which prizes in biology are considered as triple crown of biology?
Balzan prize, International Prize for Biology, Crafoord Prize.
4. Name a biologist who got three big prizes in biology - Balzan prize, International Prize for Biology, Crafoord Prize.
Ernst Mayr
5. Who is pioneer of currently accepted definition of biological species?
Ernst Mayr.
6. Name some features of living organisms.
Growth, reproduction,, ability to sense environment.
7.  What is the difference between growth in plants and growth in animals?
In plants growth continue throughout life but in animals it stops after certain age
8.  Give 2 examples of growth in non living objects.
1.growth of mountains
2. Growth of sand mounds.
9. How do growth of living organisms take place ?
By accumulation of materials on inside
10. how do growth takes place in non living objects?
By accumulation of materials on outer surface.
11.  Name two organisms which reproduce by budding.
Yeast, Hydra
12. What term is used for the phenomenon in which a fragmented
organism regrows the lost part of its body?
Regeneration
13. Name a flatworm.
planaria
14. Name two groups of organisms which can multiply by fragmentation.
Mosses, fungi
15. What is meant by term growth in living organisms ?
Increase in number or mass
16. Name the organisms in which reproduction is synonymous with growth?
Amoeba, bacteria and unicellular algae.
17. Name some living organisms which do not reproduce?
Mule, worker bee, infertile human couple.
18.Why reproduction can not be an all inclusive defining characteristic of living organisms?
Because infertile (non reproducing) organisms like mule and worker bee are also living creatures .
19.why growth can not be a defining property of living organisms ?
Because non living objects like sand mounds and mountains can also grow .
Pp5.
20.sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in our body is called......
Metabolism
21. Do any non living organism exhibit metabolism.
No
22.Can metabolic reactions be demonstrated in laboratory.
Yes
23. Metabolic reactions can take place in vitro (eg.,in test tube ), still it is a defining character of living organisms. why?
Because metabolic reactions occurring within a living organism having cellular organisation is a defining characteristic of living organisms.
24. Why cellular organisation of body is a defining characteristic of living organisms?
Because  metabolic reactions must occur in an living organism having cellular organisation .metabolic reaction outside cellular environment or not characteristic of living organism.
25. Consciousness is a defining characteristic of living organisms. what does it mean ?
It means living organisms can sense their surrounding environment.
26. Give three defining characteristics of living organisms. consciousness, metabolism, cellular organisation.
pp6
Diversity in Living World.
27. How many species are known and described by biologists ?
1.7 -1.8 millions .
28.what is the term used for large variety of living organisms present on earth?
biodiversity
29. Why local names are not preferred in scientific literature? Because local names vary from place to place .
30.what is ICBN?
ICBN is an international code for botanical nomenclature . it provides rules for scientific nomenclature of plants.
31. what is ICZN?
ICZN is an international code of zoological nomenclature. it provides rules for scientific nomenclature of animals .
32.what is main advantage of scientific names?
An organism is known by same name all over the world and one name is exclusively given to a specific type of organism.
33. what is binomial nomenclature? Scientific name of each organism has two components genus name or generic name and specific epithet.
34.who gave the binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus.
35.what is scientific name of mango?
Mangifera indica.
36.what is the genus and species name in scientific name of mango?
Mangifera : genus
indica: species
37. What ancient language is preferred for scientific names? Latin
38.How are scientific names written?
when written with hand the genus and species names are separately underlined .
39. How are scientific names printe?
in italics
40.Mangifera indica, mangifera Indica, Mangifera Indica .which one is correct ?
first one .
41.what does Mangifera Indica Linn.means ?
It means species was first described by Linnaeus.
42. what is the term used for grouping the organisms on the basis of their characteristics? Classification.
43. What is the term used for different categories of classification ?
Taxa.
44. classifying  the organisms into different taxa is known as..... taxonomy
45.which characters  are used in modern taxonomy ?
External and internal structure, structure of cell, development process and ecology of organism.
8pp .
46.Give basic procedure in process in taxonomy .
characterization, identification classification and nomenclature. 47.what was used to be the basis of earliest classification of living organisms ?
organisms were classified on the basis of their uses.
48. The branch of study which takes into account evolutionary relationships among organisms is called .....
systematics .
49. 'Systema nature' was title of book written by.....
Linnaeus.
1.3 Taxonomic categories.
50.what is a taxonomic rank or category in classification ?
Each step in taxonomic hierarchy is called a taxonomic rank or taxonomic category.
51. what is taxonomic hierarchy?
Classification of organisms involves a series of ranks or categories and all ranks or categories together constitute taxonomic hierarchy .
52.what is a taxon ?
Each category in classification is called taxon (pl.taxa).
53. Name a common feature among insects .
Three pair of legs .
54. A unit of classification is called.....
taxon or rank
55. Name main taxonomic categories.
Kingdom , Phylum or Division (for plants ) , Class , Order, Family, Genus and Species.
56. what is the lowest category in classification of plants and animals?
Species
58.what is scientific name of human beings ?
Homo sapiens
59. Group or aggregate of related species comprises ....
genus
60. Group of related genera comprises ......
family
61. The number of similarity in characters.......... as we move from lowest category to higher categories
decreases
10pp.
62.Group of families having some key similarity in characters comprise .......
order
63. Related orders comprise...... class
64. Aggregate of classes with some similar characters comprise..... Phylum
65. In plants classes with few similar characters comprise a.... Division
66.what is the highest category in animals ?
Kingdom Animalia .
67. what is the highest category in plants kingdom ?
Kingdom Plantae
68. From species to kingdom the number of common characters........ decreases
pp11.
69.Which will have more similar characters an orders or genus.
why ?
Genus ,lower the taxa more is the  similarity in characters .
70.what is order of man,monkey and gorilla ?
Primata
71.what is the order of housefly?
Diptera.
72. What is scientific name of common wheat?
Triticum aestivum .
73. what is the family of wheat?
  Poaceae
74. what is a herbarium?
A store house of dried plants which are pressed and fixed on sheets is called herbarium .these sheets are arranged in scientific way of classification .
pp12 .

75.what is botanical garden?
A garden with the collection of living plants where each plant is labelled with scientific name and its family is called botanical garden.
76. where is national botanical research institute NBRI located? Lucknow.
77. where is Indian botanical garden located ?
Howrah ,in West Bengal ,India.
78. what is a biological museum?
Museum is a place where there is a collection of preserved plants and animal specimens for study  and reference.

13 pp.

79. what is zoological Park?
It is a place where wild animals are kept in protected conditions and provided condition similar to their natural habitat.


80. what is a key in taxonomic classification?
Key is an important taxonomic aid which helps in identification and classification of plants and animals on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities of characters.
81. what is a couplet and lead in a key ?
A pair of contrasting characters in key is called couplet.
Each statement in key is called a lead .

82.what is a monograph ?
A literary document containing detailed information on any one taxon is called monograph.

83. what is flora ?
A literary document containing detailed account of habitat and distribution of plants in a particular area is called flora.

By: Ashwani,biology teacher,Phagwara
bio4alll@gmail.com

1.What is Jurassic period?

Period on earth from 199.6 to145.5 millions years ago is known as Jurassic period.

2. Why Jurassic period has been named so?

The name Jurassic has been given after the Jura mountains within European Alps where fossils from limestone strata belonging to Jurassic period were first discovered.

3. How was the earth at the time of early Jurassic in early Jurassic?

The single supercontinent pangaea has had started separating into two land masses Laurasia towards north and Gondwana towards south. There was no land at poles.

4.How was the climate of Jurassic?

During Jurassic the climate had turned from dry to humid particularly in coastal areas. Rains had converted several deserts into rainforests.

5.Which animals dominated in Jurassic?

Dinosaurs on land, ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs in oceans and pterosaurs in air.
Small shrew like mammals were also there . Among amphibians salamanders and caecilians were also there.

6. When Archaeopteryx evolved?

In late Jurassic from Coelurosaurian dinosaurs.

7. Which two group of plants dominated the Jurassic?

Gymnosperms particularly conifers Ginkgo plants were most common in northern parts ferns were also there.

8. Jurassic is also known as golden age of ............ dinosaurs

Herbivorous dinosaurs also known as sauropods .

9. Jurassic period is also known as the golden age of ..........

Reptiles

10. In which countries/continents Jurassic fossils have been found?

South Africa, Russia, Japan, India, Australia,United Kingdom and some other parts of Europe.

By:Ashwani,biology teacher,Phagwara.

Difference between Catkin and Spadix inflorescence

Catkin inflorescence is pendulous i.e, hanging whereas spadix inflorescence is mostly upright.

Catkin Inflorescence is not covered by spathe whereas spadix inflorescence is covered by spathe.

In catkin inflorescence male and female flowers are present on different catkins whereas in spadix inflorescence male and female flowers may be present on same spadix or on different spadices.

In catkin inflorescence whole peduncle is fertile whereas in spadix inflorescence apical part of peduncle is sterile i.e flowerless and is called appendix.

In catkin inflorescence there is nothing special to attract the pollinators whereas in spadix inflorescence spathe and appendix are coloured which attract the pollinators.

Catkin : example, Morus alba,
Spadix: example, Colocasia

By : Ashwani Kumar,
biology teacher,
Phagwara.

Difference between spike and spadix inflorescence

A spike inflorescence is that in which elongated peduncle bears sessile flowers in acropetal order. A spadix is a modified form of spike in which fleshy peduncle bears sessile flowers.

In spike whole peduncle bears flowers whereas in spadix upper sterile part of peduncle is called appendix whereas lower sterile part bears unisexual flowers .

In spike, inflorescence  is not covered by spathe whereas in spadix inflorescence whole inflorescence is covered with one or more large bracts called spathes.

By: Ashwani, biology teacher, Phagwara.

Difference between Corymb inflorescence and umbel inflorescence

1.  In case of corymb inflorescence peduncle is long and bears flowers at different levels. In case of umbel inflorescence peduncle is reduced to a point and all flowers arise from this point .

2. In corymb inflorescence flowers are present in a acropetal order whereas in umbel inflorescence flowers are present in centripetal order.
3. In corymb Inflorescence older flowers have longer pedicels whereas in umbel inflorescence there is no much difference in length of pedicels.
4. In corymb inflorescence involcure is absent whereas in umbel inflorescence involcure is mostly present.

By: Ashwani, biology teacher,Phagwara.

Difference between pedicel and peduncle.

Stalk of the flower bearing a flower is called pedicel whereas flower bearing axis of shoot is called peduncle and it may have one to many flowers.

By: Ashwani, Biology teacher,Phagwara.

Difference between phylloclade and phyllode

1. Phylloclade is a modified stem which is green and performs photosynthesis.on the other hand, a phyllode or phyllodia is modified petiole with or without rachis which performs photosynthesis.

2. Phylloclade arises from axil of leaf .Phyllode is not an axillary structure as it itself is a modification of a part of leaf.

3. Axillary bud is absent as phyllode itself develops from a axillary bud. In case of phyllode axillary bud is present .

4. Phylloclade bears leaves , flowers and fruits whereas these structures are absent in phyllode.

5. Phylloclades are mostly succulent and store water, latex, food etc .Phyllodes are never succulent.

6. Phylloclade may help in vegetative reproduction whereas a phyllode do not help in vegetative reproduction.

By: Ashwani, biology teacher,Phagwara.

Difference between leaf tendril and stem tendril

1. Leaf tendrils are mostly unbranched whereas stem tendrils may be branched or unbranched .

2. In case of leaf tendrils scale leaves are absent whereas in case of stem tendrils scale leaves may be present at the point of branching.

3. Buds are absent in leaf tendrils whereas axillary buds may be present in the axil of scale leaves.

4. In case of leaf tendril whole leaf or a part of it develops into tendril whereas a branch of stem or a bud develops into stem tendril.
By: Ashwani Kumar,
Biology teacher,
phagwara.

Pinnate Compound Vs Palmate Compound Leaf

In pinnate compound leaf the leaflets are present on either side of long axis whereas in palmately compound leaf the leaflets are attached to common axis.

In pinnately compound leaf there are two rows of leaflets whereas in palmately compound leaf there is a cluster of leaflets.

In pinnately compound laf there is no joint between leaflet and axis whereas in palmately compound leaf there is joint between leaflets and point of attachment.

Leaflet bearing axis is continuation of petiole or a branch of midrib whereas in palmately compound leaf the leaflets are attached to the tip of the petiole.

By: Ashwani,Biology teacher, Phagwara.

Simple leaf Vs Compound leaf

In simple leaf lamina is not divided into lobes or leaflets whereas in compound leaf lamina is divided into distinct leaflets.

Simple leaves develop on stem in acropetal order whereas in compound leaf all the leaflets develop simultaneously therefore, there is no acropetal arrangement.

Simple leaf may have bud in it
s axil whereas in compound leaf a bud is present in axil of whole leaf but individual leaflet does not bear buds.

In simple leaf stipule may be present at base whereas in compound leaf stipule may be present at base of whole leaf but not at base of individual leaflet (exception is Beans).

By:Ashwani, Biology teacher,Phagwara.

Reticulate Vs Parallel Venation

1. In reticulate venation the main vein give rise to lateral veins which divide and redivide to form a network or reticulum. On the other hand in parallel venation the veins run parallel to each other and do not form reticulum or network.

2. Reticulate venation is found in dicots whereas parallel venation is found in monocots.

By: Ashwani Kumar,
Biology teacher,
Phagwara