Saturday 31 August 2019
Friday 30 August 2019
Friday 1 March 2019
Biological classification -NCERT based objective questions.
pp 16.
1. who was pioneer to classify living organisms on scientific basis ?
Aristotle
2.what was the basis of Aristotle's classification ?
morphological characters.
3. what was Aristotle's classification of plants ?
Aristotle classified plants into trees shrubs and herbs.
4. what was Aristotle's classification of animals?
Aristotle classified animals into two categories animals with red blood and animals without red blood .
5.what is two kingdom system of classification ?
living organisms are classified into two kingdoms . Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia.
6.why two kingdom system is not used ?
because a large number of organisms does not fall in either of two kingdoms.
pp17 .
7.who proposed five kingdom system of classification ?
R H whittaker (1969 ).
8.Name the five kingdoms proposed by whittaker .
Monera ,protista ,fungi ,plantae Animalia.
9. List main criteria of classification used by whittaker.
cell structure, thanks or body organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.
10.Cell wall of fungi is made up of......?
Chitin.
11.cell wall of plants is mainly made up of .........?
cellulose.
12. what is cell type of Monera? prokaryotic.
13. in which kingdom cell wall is absent ?
Kingdom Animalia.
14. what type of body organisation is found in Monera and fungi? cellular .
15.what type of body organisation is found in fungi ?
multicellular /loose tissue.
16. what type of body organisation is found in plants?
tissue /organ .
17.what is mode of nutrition in Monera ?
autotrophic and heterotrophic.
18. what kind of autotrophic nutrition is found Monera? photosynthetic and chemosynthetic 19.what is mode of nutrition in protista?
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic.
20. what kind of autotrophic mode of nutrition is found in Plantae?
only photosynthetic.
21. what type of heterotrophic mode of nutrition is found in Monera?
saprophytic and parasitic .
22.what kinds of heterotrophic nutrition are found in Animalia? holozoic and saprophytic .
23.Name the kingdom containing unicellular eukaryotic organisms. protista.
24. what is the kingdom of Paramecium and Amoeba?
protista
2.1 pp18.
Kingdom Monera
25.which is the sole member of kingdom Monera ?
bacteria .
26.Name the most abundant microorganisms .
bacteria
27.Name four categories of bacteria on the basis of their shape. coccus,baccilus,vibrium, spirillum. 28. Comma shaped bacteria are called ......?
vibrio ( sing.,Vibrium).
29. what is the most common mode of nutrition in bacteria?
heterotrophic
2. 1.1
Archaebacteria
30. what is special about Archaebacteria ?
some archaebacteria live in most harsh habitats . Archaebacteria are found in salty areas( halophiles), hot springs (thermophiles ) and marshy areas (methanogens) 31.where are methanogens found? in gut of ruminants like cow and buffalo .
2.1.2 eubacteria or true bacteria.
32. Write two characteristics of eubacteria .
1.rigid cell wall
2.may have flagellum
33.Are cyanobacteria eubacteria? yes .
34.what is other common name of cyanobacteria?
blue green algae
35.what is mode of nutrition in cyanobacteria ?
cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs
36.what are heterocysts ?
some cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Anabaena can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts .
37.what are chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria ?
these are bacteria which oxidize nitrate , nitrite salt and ammonia and use the energy released for ATP synthesis .
38.what is importance of chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria ?
They play a role in recycling of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus iron and sulphur .
39.what is the most common mode of nutrition in bacteria? heterotrophic .
40. Name diseases caused by heterotrophic bacteria?
Typhoid, tetanus ,cholera in man. Citrus canker in citrus plants .
41. what is most common mode of reproduction in bacteria ?
fission .
42. Write 3 characteristics of mycoplasma.
1. Absence of cell wall
2. can survive without oxygen.
3. are known as smallest living cells.
2.2
kingdom Protista
43. All single celled eukaryotes are placed under kingdom.....
Protista.
44. what are chrysophytes?. Give two examples.
Chrysophytes are microscopic planktons which float passively in water . Examples : diatoms, golden algae (desmids).
45. what is special about cell wall of diatoms?
In diatoms the cell wall is in the form of two overlapping shells which fit like a soap box. The walls are embedded with silica .
46.what is diatomaceous earth? Accumulation of siliceous cell walls of diatoms over billion of years in their habitats have formed diatomaceous earth .
47. what is use of diatomaceous earth ?
Diatomaceous earth is used in polishing , filtration of oils and syrups .
48. Name chief producers in oceans.
Diatoms
49.what is habitat of chrysophytes (diatoms and desmids)
They are found in fresh water as well as in marine habitats.
2.2.2 .dinoflagellates
50.why dinoflagellates have been named so ?
because most of dinoflagellates have two flagella, one lies longitudinally and other transversely in a furrow between the cell wall plates.
51. what causes red tides in sea? Red dinoflagellates. example Gonyaulax.
52.what is the colour of dinoflagellates ?
Green, yellow , brown , blue or red depending upon pigment in their walls .
53. The cell wall of dinoflagellates is made up of.......
Cellulose.
2.2.3 Euglenoids
54. Majority of dinoflagellates are found in ........habitat whereas majority of euglenoids are found in...... habitat. Marine, stagnant freshwater.
55. Protein rich layer that lines the cell body of euglenoids is called....... pellicle.
56.How many flagella are there in euglenoids ?
Two, one short and one long.
57. what is mode of nutrition in euglena ?
In light they are photosynthetic and when deprived of sunlight they are heterotrophic.
2.2.4 Slime Moulds.
58. Name a group of saprophytic protists .
Slime moulds
59.what are plasmodium and fruiting bodies in slime moulds?
In favourable conditions slime moulds form an aggregate called plasmodium. In unfavourable conditions plasmodium forms fruiting bodies having spores at their tips.
2.2.5 Protozoans .
60.what is mode of nutrition in protozoans ?
Heterotrophic. All are predators or parasitic.
61. Name four major groups of protozoans.
Amoeboid protozoans, flagellated protozoans ,ciliated protozoans and sporozoites.
62. what is habitat of amoeboid protozoans ?
They are found in fresh water, marine water and moist soils also. 63.which structure helps amoeboid protozoans to capture food ?
Pseudopodia.
64.Name a parasitic amoeboid protozoan.
Entamoeba.
22 pp.
65.Name the flagellated protozoan that causes sleeping sickness. Trypanosoma .
66.Name a ciliated protozoan. please .
67. why sporozoans have been named so?
because they have infectious spore like stage in their life cycle .
68.Name a sporozoan.
Plasmodium vivax (malarial parasite )
2.3 Kingdom Fungi .
69.Toadstools belong to kingdom....
fungi
70.Name a unicellular fungus. Yeast .
71.Name a wheat disease caused by fungus Puccinia .
Wheat rust
72.Name a fungus which is a source of antibiotic penicillin.
Penicillium .
73.what are hyphae and mycelium? Fungus body is made up of thread like structures called hyphae. Network of hyphae is called mycelium .
74.What are coenocytic hyphae?some hyphae of fungus are long tube containing multinucleated cytoplasm. These are called coenocytic hyphae.
75. Name the main components of fungal cell wall.
chitin and polysaccharides
76.Name the types of symbiotic relationships of Fungi.
Lichens and mycorrhiza.
77.what are lichens ?
Lichens are symbiotic association of fungi and algae.
78. what is mycorrhiza ?
These are symbiotic association of fungi and roots of higher plants.
79. Name three means of vegetative reproduction found in fungi.
Fragmentation, fission and budding 23 pp
80. What are modes of asexual reproduction in fungi?
Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs by formation of spores called Canadia or sporangiospores or zoospores .
81.In what kind of reproduction in fungi oospores, ascospores and basidiospores are formed.
sexual reproduction.
82. Write 3 steps in sexual reproduction in fungi .
A plasmogamy : fusion of protoplasm of gametes.
B. karyogamy: fusion of nuclei of gametes .
C meiosis in zygote forming haploid spores.
83. what is dikaryophase in fungi?
In ascomycetes and basidiomycetes fusion of two haploid cells of compatible mating types results in formation of cell with two nuclei (n+n). Such a cell is called dikaryon and phase is called dikaryophase. Later two nuclei fuse.
2.3.1 Phycomycetes
84. Give some common examples of phycomycetes .
Mucor , Rhizopus (bread mould), Albugo (a parasitic fungi on mustard ).
85.Dissimilar gametes are called... anisogametes .
86.Mycelium of phycomycetes is..........
aseptate /coenocytic
87. Name asexual spores formed in phycomycetes .
zoospores (motile), aplanospores (non motile ).
2.3.2 Ascomycetes.
88 . what is common name of ascomycetes ?
Sac fungi
89. Give two examples of ascomycetes.
Penicillium and yeast.
90. Name a unicellular ascomycetes fungi .
Yeast
91.what are coprophilous fungi? Fungi that grow on dung .
24pp.
92.what kind of mycelium are formed in ascomycetes?
branched and septate.
93. Give two examples of ascomycetes .
Aspergillus, Claviceps, Neurospora.
94. Morels and truffles belong to ........group of fungi.
Ascomycetes
95.sexual reproduction in ascomycetes occur by..........
ascospores.
96. Name the asexual spores in ascomycetous .
conidia
97. Conidia are formed exogenously whereas ascospores are formed......... endogenously .
2.3.3 Basidiomycetes.
98. Name some common forms of basidiomycetes fungi .
mushrooms , bracket fungi or puffballs .
99.what type of mycelium is found in basidiomycetes.
branched and septate.
100. In which group of fungi asexual spores are generally not found ?
basidiomycetes .
101.what is a common mode of vegetative reproduction in basidiomycetes ?
fragmentation.
102. List steps of sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes.
A. Plasmogamy i.e fusion of somatic cells of different strains forming dikaryon.
B .Dikaryon give rise to basidium. C. Karyogamy and meiosis in basidium forming four basidiospores.
103.fruirting body bearing basidia are known as.....
basidiocarps .
104.Give some examples of basidiomycetes .
Agaricus : mushroom
Ustilago : smut and
Puccinia : rust fungus .
2.3.4 Deuteromycetes
105. which group of fungi is commonly known as imperfect fungi?
Deuteromycetes
106. why deuteromycetes are also known as imperfect fungi ?
because only asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known . 107. Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores known as........
Conidia
108.what type of mycelium is found deuteromycetes?
separate and branched.
109. what type of heterotrophic nutrition is found in deuteromycetes?
Saprophytic and parasitic. A large numbers of them are decomposers. 110.Give some examples of imperfect fungi/deuteromycetes
Alternaria,Colletotrichum and Trichoderma
pp25
2.4 Kingdom Plantae.
111. Name some partially heterotrophic plants .
Insectivorous plants like bladderwort and Venus fly trap.
Parasitic plants like Cuscuta.
112. Give three main characteristics of kingdom plantae.
Eukaryotic cell structure, presence of chlorophyll, cell wall mainly made up of cellulose .
113. Name main groups of kingdom plantae .
Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. 114. what are two distinct phases in the cycle of plants ?
diploid sporophytic phase ,
haploid gametophytic phase.
2.5 Kingdom Animalia.
115. Multicellular autotrophic eukaryotic organisms without cell wall are placed in kingdom.... animalia .
116. what type of food reserve is found in kingdom animalia? glycogen and fat .
117.what is mode of nutrition in kingdom animalia?
Heterotrophic ,holozoic that is ingestion of food .
2.6 Viruses, Viroids and Lichens 118. Name some acellular/ non-cellular organisms.
Very, Viroids.
119. what is place of viruses ,viroids and lichens in the chapter five kingdom system of classification?
These organisms does not belong to any of the five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker.
120. what is form of viruses outside the living cells?
Inert crystalline form.
121. The name virus simply means......
Venom or poisonous fluid.
122. who gave the term virus?
Pasteur.
123. In terms of size viruses are ......than bacteria.
Smaller
124.Who was first to isolate crystalline form of virus?
W.MStanley.
125. What is mode of nutrition in viruses?
They are obligate parasites.
126. What is genetic material in viruses ?
DNA or RNA.
127. Name a virus which has both DNA and RNA as genetic material.
No virus haze both DNA and RNA s genetic material.
128. Most of viruses that infect plants are have .......stranded RNA.
single .
129.what kind of RNA and DNA is found in most of animal viruses?
In general versus infecting the animals have single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA.
130. Bacteriophages or bacterial virus is mostly have .. stranded DNA .
double .
131. Protein coat of viruses is called.....and is made up of subunits called ......
capsid ,capsomeres.
132. what is the most common arrangement of capsomeres in viruses?
Helical or polyhydron.
133. Name some common viral diseases in man.
Mumps, smallpox, herpes, influenza ,AIDS.
pp27.
Viroids.
134. Who discovered viroids?
T O Diener (in 1970 ).
135. Name a disease caused by viroids.
Potato spindle tuber disease .
136.what is viroid ?
Viroid is a microscopic infectious agent that have a free RNA but no protein coat .
Lichens .
137.what are phycobionts and mycobionts?
Lichens are symbiotic association of algae and fungi. Algal component is called phycobiont and fungal component is called mycobiont.
138. what is role of fungal components in lichen ?
Fungi provides shelter to algae.
It absorbs minerals and water for its algal partner.
139. why lichens are called good pollution indicators?
because they do not grow in the polluted areas.
By:Ashwani Kumar.
Biology teacher .
Vigyan Tutorials.
Phagwara.
1. who was pioneer to classify living organisms on scientific basis ?
Aristotle
2.what was the basis of Aristotle's classification ?
morphological characters.
3. what was Aristotle's classification of plants ?
Aristotle classified plants into trees shrubs and herbs.
4. what was Aristotle's classification of animals?
Aristotle classified animals into two categories animals with red blood and animals without red blood .
5.what is two kingdom system of classification ?
living organisms are classified into two kingdoms . Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia.
6.why two kingdom system is not used ?
because a large number of organisms does not fall in either of two kingdoms.
pp17 .
7.who proposed five kingdom system of classification ?
R H whittaker (1969 ).
8.Name the five kingdoms proposed by whittaker .
Monera ,protista ,fungi ,plantae Animalia.
9. List main criteria of classification used by whittaker.
cell structure, thanks or body organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.
10.Cell wall of fungi is made up of......?
Chitin.
11.cell wall of plants is mainly made up of .........?
cellulose.
12. what is cell type of Monera? prokaryotic.
13. in which kingdom cell wall is absent ?
Kingdom Animalia.
14. what type of body organisation is found in Monera and fungi? cellular .
15.what type of body organisation is found in fungi ?
multicellular /loose tissue.
16. what type of body organisation is found in plants?
tissue /organ .
17.what is mode of nutrition in Monera ?
autotrophic and heterotrophic.
18. what kind of autotrophic nutrition is found Monera? photosynthetic and chemosynthetic 19.what is mode of nutrition in protista?
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic.
20. what kind of autotrophic mode of nutrition is found in Plantae?
only photosynthetic.
21. what type of heterotrophic mode of nutrition is found in Monera?
saprophytic and parasitic .
22.what kinds of heterotrophic nutrition are found in Animalia? holozoic and saprophytic .
23.Name the kingdom containing unicellular eukaryotic organisms. protista.
24. what is the kingdom of Paramecium and Amoeba?
protista
2.1 pp18.
Kingdom Monera
25.which is the sole member of kingdom Monera ?
bacteria .
26.Name the most abundant microorganisms .
bacteria
27.Name four categories of bacteria on the basis of their shape. coccus,baccilus,vibrium, spirillum. 28. Comma shaped bacteria are called ......?
vibrio ( sing.,Vibrium).
29. what is the most common mode of nutrition in bacteria?
heterotrophic
2. 1.1
Archaebacteria
30. what is special about Archaebacteria ?
some archaebacteria live in most harsh habitats . Archaebacteria are found in salty areas( halophiles), hot springs (thermophiles ) and marshy areas (methanogens) 31.where are methanogens found? in gut of ruminants like cow and buffalo .
2.1.2 eubacteria or true bacteria.
32. Write two characteristics of eubacteria .
1.rigid cell wall
2.may have flagellum
33.Are cyanobacteria eubacteria? yes .
34.what is other common name of cyanobacteria?
blue green algae
35.what is mode of nutrition in cyanobacteria ?
cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs
36.what are heterocysts ?
some cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Anabaena can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts .
37.what are chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria ?
these are bacteria which oxidize nitrate , nitrite salt and ammonia and use the energy released for ATP synthesis .
38.what is importance of chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria ?
They play a role in recycling of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus iron and sulphur .
39.what is the most common mode of nutrition in bacteria? heterotrophic .
40. Name diseases caused by heterotrophic bacteria?
Typhoid, tetanus ,cholera in man. Citrus canker in citrus plants .
41. what is most common mode of reproduction in bacteria ?
fission .
42. Write 3 characteristics of mycoplasma.
1. Absence of cell wall
2. can survive without oxygen.
3. are known as smallest living cells.
2.2
kingdom Protista
43. All single celled eukaryotes are placed under kingdom.....
Protista.
44. what are chrysophytes?. Give two examples.
Chrysophytes are microscopic planktons which float passively in water . Examples : diatoms, golden algae (desmids).
45. what is special about cell wall of diatoms?
In diatoms the cell wall is in the form of two overlapping shells which fit like a soap box. The walls are embedded with silica .
46.what is diatomaceous earth? Accumulation of siliceous cell walls of diatoms over billion of years in their habitats have formed diatomaceous earth .
47. what is use of diatomaceous earth ?
Diatomaceous earth is used in polishing , filtration of oils and syrups .
48. Name chief producers in oceans.
Diatoms
49.what is habitat of chrysophytes (diatoms and desmids)
They are found in fresh water as well as in marine habitats.
2.2.2 .dinoflagellates
50.why dinoflagellates have been named so ?
because most of dinoflagellates have two flagella, one lies longitudinally and other transversely in a furrow between the cell wall plates.
51. what causes red tides in sea? Red dinoflagellates. example Gonyaulax.
52.what is the colour of dinoflagellates ?
Green, yellow , brown , blue or red depending upon pigment in their walls .
53. The cell wall of dinoflagellates is made up of.......
Cellulose.
2.2.3 Euglenoids
54. Majority of dinoflagellates are found in ........habitat whereas majority of euglenoids are found in...... habitat. Marine, stagnant freshwater.
55. Protein rich layer that lines the cell body of euglenoids is called....... pellicle.
56.How many flagella are there in euglenoids ?
Two, one short and one long.
57. what is mode of nutrition in euglena ?
In light they are photosynthetic and when deprived of sunlight they are heterotrophic.
2.2.4 Slime Moulds.
58. Name a group of saprophytic protists .
Slime moulds
59.what are plasmodium and fruiting bodies in slime moulds?
In favourable conditions slime moulds form an aggregate called plasmodium. In unfavourable conditions plasmodium forms fruiting bodies having spores at their tips.
2.2.5 Protozoans .
60.what is mode of nutrition in protozoans ?
Heterotrophic. All are predators or parasitic.
61. Name four major groups of protozoans.
Amoeboid protozoans, flagellated protozoans ,ciliated protozoans and sporozoites.
62. what is habitat of amoeboid protozoans ?
They are found in fresh water, marine water and moist soils also. 63.which structure helps amoeboid protozoans to capture food ?
Pseudopodia.
64.Name a parasitic amoeboid protozoan.
Entamoeba.
22 pp.
65.Name the flagellated protozoan that causes sleeping sickness. Trypanosoma .
66.Name a ciliated protozoan. please .
67. why sporozoans have been named so?
because they have infectious spore like stage in their life cycle .
68.Name a sporozoan.
Plasmodium vivax (malarial parasite )
2.3 Kingdom Fungi .
69.Toadstools belong to kingdom....
fungi
70.Name a unicellular fungus. Yeast .
71.Name a wheat disease caused by fungus Puccinia .
Wheat rust
72.Name a fungus which is a source of antibiotic penicillin.
Penicillium .
73.what are hyphae and mycelium? Fungus body is made up of thread like structures called hyphae. Network of hyphae is called mycelium .
74.What are coenocytic hyphae?some hyphae of fungus are long tube containing multinucleated cytoplasm. These are called coenocytic hyphae.
75. Name the main components of fungal cell wall.
chitin and polysaccharides
76.Name the types of symbiotic relationships of Fungi.
Lichens and mycorrhiza.
77.what are lichens ?
Lichens are symbiotic association of fungi and algae.
78. what is mycorrhiza ?
These are symbiotic association of fungi and roots of higher plants.
79. Name three means of vegetative reproduction found in fungi.
Fragmentation, fission and budding 23 pp
80. What are modes of asexual reproduction in fungi?
Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs by formation of spores called Canadia or sporangiospores or zoospores .
81.In what kind of reproduction in fungi oospores, ascospores and basidiospores are formed.
sexual reproduction.
82. Write 3 steps in sexual reproduction in fungi .
A plasmogamy : fusion of protoplasm of gametes.
B. karyogamy: fusion of nuclei of gametes .
C meiosis in zygote forming haploid spores.
83. what is dikaryophase in fungi?
In ascomycetes and basidiomycetes fusion of two haploid cells of compatible mating types results in formation of cell with two nuclei (n+n). Such a cell is called dikaryon and phase is called dikaryophase. Later two nuclei fuse.
2.3.1 Phycomycetes
84. Give some common examples of phycomycetes .
Mucor , Rhizopus (bread mould), Albugo (a parasitic fungi on mustard ).
85.Dissimilar gametes are called... anisogametes .
86.Mycelium of phycomycetes is..........
aseptate /coenocytic
87. Name asexual spores formed in phycomycetes .
zoospores (motile), aplanospores (non motile ).
2.3.2 Ascomycetes.
88 . what is common name of ascomycetes ?
Sac fungi
89. Give two examples of ascomycetes.
Penicillium and yeast.
90. Name a unicellular ascomycetes fungi .
Yeast
91.what are coprophilous fungi? Fungi that grow on dung .
24pp.
92.what kind of mycelium are formed in ascomycetes?
branched and septate.
93. Give two examples of ascomycetes .
Aspergillus, Claviceps, Neurospora.
94. Morels and truffles belong to ........group of fungi.
Ascomycetes
95.sexual reproduction in ascomycetes occur by..........
ascospores.
96. Name the asexual spores in ascomycetous .
conidia
97. Conidia are formed exogenously whereas ascospores are formed......... endogenously .
2.3.3 Basidiomycetes.
98. Name some common forms of basidiomycetes fungi .
mushrooms , bracket fungi or puffballs .
99.what type of mycelium is found in basidiomycetes.
branched and septate.
100. In which group of fungi asexual spores are generally not found ?
basidiomycetes .
101.what is a common mode of vegetative reproduction in basidiomycetes ?
fragmentation.
102. List steps of sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes.
A. Plasmogamy i.e fusion of somatic cells of different strains forming dikaryon.
B .Dikaryon give rise to basidium. C. Karyogamy and meiosis in basidium forming four basidiospores.
103.fruirting body bearing basidia are known as.....
basidiocarps .
104.Give some examples of basidiomycetes .
Agaricus : mushroom
Ustilago : smut and
Puccinia : rust fungus .
2.3.4 Deuteromycetes
105. which group of fungi is commonly known as imperfect fungi?
Deuteromycetes
106. why deuteromycetes are also known as imperfect fungi ?
because only asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known . 107. Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores known as........
Conidia
108.what type of mycelium is found deuteromycetes?
separate and branched.
109. what type of heterotrophic nutrition is found in deuteromycetes?
Saprophytic and parasitic. A large numbers of them are decomposers. 110.Give some examples of imperfect fungi/deuteromycetes
Alternaria,Colletotrichum and Trichoderma
pp25
2.4 Kingdom Plantae.
111. Name some partially heterotrophic plants .
Insectivorous plants like bladderwort and Venus fly trap.
Parasitic plants like Cuscuta.
112. Give three main characteristics of kingdom plantae.
Eukaryotic cell structure, presence of chlorophyll, cell wall mainly made up of cellulose .
113. Name main groups of kingdom plantae .
Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. 114. what are two distinct phases in the cycle of plants ?
diploid sporophytic phase ,
haploid gametophytic phase.
2.5 Kingdom Animalia.
115. Multicellular autotrophic eukaryotic organisms without cell wall are placed in kingdom.... animalia .
116. what type of food reserve is found in kingdom animalia? glycogen and fat .
117.what is mode of nutrition in kingdom animalia?
Heterotrophic ,holozoic that is ingestion of food .
2.6 Viruses, Viroids and Lichens 118. Name some acellular/ non-cellular organisms.
Very, Viroids.
119. what is place of viruses ,viroids and lichens in the chapter five kingdom system of classification?
These organisms does not belong to any of the five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker.
120. what is form of viruses outside the living cells?
Inert crystalline form.
121. The name virus simply means......
Venom or poisonous fluid.
122. who gave the term virus?
Pasteur.
123. In terms of size viruses are ......than bacteria.
Smaller
124.Who was first to isolate crystalline form of virus?
W.MStanley.
125. What is mode of nutrition in viruses?
They are obligate parasites.
126. What is genetic material in viruses ?
DNA or RNA.
127. Name a virus which has both DNA and RNA as genetic material.
No virus haze both DNA and RNA s genetic material.
128. Most of viruses that infect plants are have .......stranded RNA.
single .
129.what kind of RNA and DNA is found in most of animal viruses?
In general versus infecting the animals have single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA.
130. Bacteriophages or bacterial virus is mostly have .. stranded DNA .
double .
131. Protein coat of viruses is called.....and is made up of subunits called ......
capsid ,capsomeres.
132. what is the most common arrangement of capsomeres in viruses?
Helical or polyhydron.
133. Name some common viral diseases in man.
Mumps, smallpox, herpes, influenza ,AIDS.
pp27.
Viroids.
134. Who discovered viroids?
T O Diener (in 1970 ).
135. Name a disease caused by viroids.
Potato spindle tuber disease .
136.what is viroid ?
Viroid is a microscopic infectious agent that have a free RNA but no protein coat .
Lichens .
137.what are phycobionts and mycobionts?
Lichens are symbiotic association of algae and fungi. Algal component is called phycobiont and fungal component is called mycobiont.
138. what is role of fungal components in lichen ?
Fungi provides shelter to algae.
It absorbs minerals and water for its algal partner.
139. why lichens are called good pollution indicators?
because they do not grow in the polluted areas.
By:Ashwani Kumar.
Biology teacher .
Vigyan Tutorials.
Phagwara.
Wednesday 20 February 2019
'The Living World'-- NCERT based objective questions .
1.What is biology?
Biology is a science of life forms and living processes
2. Who is known as the Darwin of 20th centuy?
Ernst Mayr
3. Which prizes in biology are considered as triple crown of biology?
Balzan prize, International Prize for Biology, Crafoord Prize.
4. Name a biologist who got three big prizes in biology - Balzan prize, International Prize for Biology, Crafoord Prize.
Ernst Mayr
5. Who is pioneer of currently accepted definition of biological species?
Ernst Mayr.
6. Name some features of living organisms.
Growth, reproduction,, ability to sense environment.
7. What is the difference between growth in plants and growth in animals?
In plants growth continue throughout life but in animals it stops after certain age
8. Give 2 examples of growth in non living objects.
1.growth of mountains
2. Growth of sand mounds.
9. How do growth of living organisms take place ?
By accumulation of materials on inside
10. how do growth takes place in non living objects?
By accumulation of materials on outer surface.
11. Name two organisms which reproduce by budding.
Yeast, Hydra
12. What term is used for the phenomenon in which a fragmented
organism regrows the lost part of its body?
Regeneration
13. Name a flatworm.
planaria
14. Name two groups of organisms which can multiply by fragmentation.
Mosses, fungi
15. What is meant by term growth in living organisms ?
Increase in number or mass
16. Name the organisms in which reproduction is synonymous with growth?
Amoeba, bacteria and unicellular algae.
17. Name some living organisms which do not reproduce?
Mule, worker bee, infertile human couple.
18.Why reproduction can not be an all inclusive defining characteristic of living organisms?
Because infertile (non reproducing) organisms like mule and worker bee are also living creatures .
19.why growth can not be a defining property of living organisms ?
Because non living objects like sand mounds and mountains can also grow .
Pp5.
20.sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in our body is called......
Metabolism
21. Do any non living organism exhibit metabolism.
No
22.Can metabolic reactions be demonstrated in laboratory.
Yes
23. Metabolic reactions can take place in vitro (eg.,in test tube ), still it is a defining character of living organisms. why?
Because metabolic reactions occurring within a living organism having cellular organisation is a defining characteristic of living organisms.
24. Why cellular organisation of body is a defining characteristic of living organisms?
Because metabolic reactions must occur in an living organism having cellular organisation .metabolic reaction outside cellular environment or not characteristic of living organism.
25. Consciousness is a defining characteristic of living organisms. what does it mean ?
It means living organisms can sense their surrounding environment.
26. Give three defining characteristics of living organisms. consciousness, metabolism, cellular organisation.
pp6
Diversity in Living World.
27. How many species are known and described by biologists ?
1.7 -1.8 millions .
28.what is the term used for large variety of living organisms present on earth?
biodiversity
29. Why local names are not preferred in scientific literature? Because local names vary from place to place .
30.what is ICBN?
ICBN is an international code for botanical nomenclature . it provides rules for scientific nomenclature of plants.
31. what is ICZN?
ICZN is an international code of zoological nomenclature. it provides rules for scientific nomenclature of animals .
32.what is main advantage of scientific names?
An organism is known by same name all over the world and one name is exclusively given to a specific type of organism.
33. what is binomial nomenclature? Scientific name of each organism has two components genus name or generic name and specific epithet.
34.who gave the binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus.
35.what is scientific name of mango?
Mangifera indica.
36.what is the genus and species name in scientific name of mango?
Mangifera : genus
indica: species
37. What ancient language is preferred for scientific names? Latin
38.How are scientific names written?
when written with hand the genus and species names are separately underlined .
39. How are scientific names printe?
in italics
40.Mangifera indica, mangifera Indica, Mangifera Indica .which one is correct ?
first one .
41.what does Mangifera Indica Linn.means ?
It means species was first described by Linnaeus.
42. what is the term used for grouping the organisms on the basis of their characteristics? Classification.
43. What is the term used for different categories of classification ?
Taxa.
44. classifying the organisms into different taxa is known as..... taxonomy
45.which characters are used in modern taxonomy ?
External and internal structure, structure of cell, development process and ecology of organism.
8pp .
46.Give basic procedure in process in taxonomy .
characterization, identification classification and nomenclature. 47.what was used to be the basis of earliest classification of living organisms ?
organisms were classified on the basis of their uses.
48. The branch of study which takes into account evolutionary relationships among organisms is called .....
systematics .
49. 'Systema nature' was title of book written by.....
Linnaeus.
1.3 Taxonomic categories.
50.what is a taxonomic rank or category in classification ?
Each step in taxonomic hierarchy is called a taxonomic rank or taxonomic category.
51. what is taxonomic hierarchy?
Classification of organisms involves a series of ranks or categories and all ranks or categories together constitute taxonomic hierarchy .
52.what is a taxon ?
Each category in classification is called taxon (pl.taxa).
53. Name a common feature among insects .
Three pair of legs .
54. A unit of classification is called.....
taxon or rank
55. Name main taxonomic categories.
Kingdom , Phylum or Division (for plants ) , Class , Order, Family, Genus and Species.
56. what is the lowest category in classification of plants and animals?
Species
58.what is scientific name of human beings ?
Homo sapiens
59. Group or aggregate of related species comprises ....
genus
60. Group of related genera comprises ......
family
61. The number of similarity in characters.......... as we move from lowest category to higher categories
decreases
10pp.
62.Group of families having some key similarity in characters comprise .......
order
63. Related orders comprise...... class
64. Aggregate of classes with some similar characters comprise..... Phylum
65. In plants classes with few similar characters comprise a.... Division
66.what is the highest category in animals ?
Kingdom Animalia .
67. what is the highest category in plants kingdom ?
Kingdom Plantae
68. From species to kingdom the number of common characters........ decreases
pp11.
69.Which will have more similar characters an orders or genus.
why ?
Genus ,lower the taxa more is the similarity in characters .
70.what is order of man,monkey and gorilla ?
Primata
71.what is the order of housefly?
Diptera.
72. What is scientific name of common wheat?
Triticum aestivum .
73. what is the family of wheat?
Poaceae
74. what is a herbarium?
A store house of dried plants which are pressed and fixed on sheets is called herbarium .these sheets are arranged in scientific way of classification .
pp12 .
75.what is botanical garden?
A garden with the collection of living plants where each plant is labelled with scientific name and its family is called botanical garden.
76. where is national botanical research institute NBRI located? Lucknow.
77. where is Indian botanical garden located ?
Howrah ,in West Bengal ,India.
78. what is a biological museum?
Museum is a place where there is a collection of preserved plants and animal specimens for study and reference.
13 pp.
79. what is zoological Park?
It is a place where wild animals are kept in protected conditions and provided condition similar to their natural habitat.
80. what is a key in taxonomic classification?
Key is an important taxonomic aid which helps in identification and classification of plants and animals on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities of characters.
81. what is a couplet and lead in a key ?
A pair of contrasting characters in key is called couplet.
Each statement in key is called a lead .
82.what is a monograph ?
A literary document containing detailed information on any one taxon is called monograph.
83. what is flora ?
A literary document containing detailed account of habitat and distribution of plants in a particular area is called flora.
By: Ashwani,biology teacher,Phagwara
bio4alll@gmail.com
Wednesday 13 February 2019
1.What is Jurassic period?
Period on earth from 199.6 to145.5 millions years ago is known as Jurassic period.
2. Why Jurassic period has been named so?
The name Jurassic has been given after the Jura mountains within European Alps where fossils from limestone strata belonging to Jurassic period were first discovered.
3. How was the earth at the time of early Jurassic in early Jurassic?
The single supercontinent pangaea has had started separating into two land masses Laurasia towards north and Gondwana towards south. There was no land at poles.
4.How was the climate of Jurassic?
During Jurassic the climate had turned from dry to humid particularly in coastal areas. Rains had converted several deserts into rainforests.
5.Which animals dominated in Jurassic?
Dinosaurs on land, ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs in oceans and pterosaurs in air.
Small shrew like mammals were also there . Among amphibians salamanders and caecilians were also there.
6. When Archaeopteryx evolved?
In late Jurassic from Coelurosaurian dinosaurs.
7. Which two group of plants dominated the Jurassic?
Gymnosperms particularly conifers Ginkgo plants were most common in northern parts ferns were also there.
8. Jurassic is also known as golden age of ............ dinosaurs
Herbivorous dinosaurs also known as sauropods .
9. Jurassic period is also known as the golden age of ..........
Reptiles
10. In which countries/continents Jurassic fossils have been found?
South Africa, Russia, Japan, India, Australia,United Kingdom and some other parts of Europe.
By:Ashwani,biology teacher,Phagwara.
Period on earth from 199.6 to145.5 millions years ago is known as Jurassic period.
2. Why Jurassic period has been named so?
The name Jurassic has been given after the Jura mountains within European Alps where fossils from limestone strata belonging to Jurassic period were first discovered.
3. How was the earth at the time of early Jurassic in early Jurassic?
The single supercontinent pangaea has had started separating into two land masses Laurasia towards north and Gondwana towards south. There was no land at poles.
4.How was the climate of Jurassic?
During Jurassic the climate had turned from dry to humid particularly in coastal areas. Rains had converted several deserts into rainforests.
5.Which animals dominated in Jurassic?
Dinosaurs on land, ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs in oceans and pterosaurs in air.
Small shrew like mammals were also there . Among amphibians salamanders and caecilians were also there.
6. When Archaeopteryx evolved?
In late Jurassic from Coelurosaurian dinosaurs.
7. Which two group of plants dominated the Jurassic?
Gymnosperms particularly conifers Ginkgo plants were most common in northern parts ferns were also there.
8. Jurassic is also known as golden age of ............ dinosaurs
Herbivorous dinosaurs also known as sauropods .
9. Jurassic period is also known as the golden age of ..........
Reptiles
10. In which countries/continents Jurassic fossils have been found?
South Africa, Russia, Japan, India, Australia,United Kingdom and some other parts of Europe.
By:Ashwani,biology teacher,Phagwara.
Wednesday 6 February 2019
Difference between Catkin and Spadix inflorescence
Catkin inflorescence is pendulous i.e, hanging whereas spadix inflorescence is mostly upright.
Catkin Inflorescence is not covered by spathe whereas spadix inflorescence is covered by spathe.
In catkin inflorescence male and female flowers are present on different catkins whereas in spadix inflorescence male and female flowers may be present on same spadix or on different spadices.
In catkin inflorescence whole peduncle is fertile whereas in spadix inflorescence apical part of peduncle is sterile i.e flowerless and is called appendix.
In catkin inflorescence there is nothing special to attract the pollinators whereas in spadix inflorescence spathe and appendix are coloured which attract the pollinators.
Catkin : example, Morus alba,
Spadix: example, Colocasia
By : Ashwani Kumar,
biology teacher,
Phagwara.
Catkin Inflorescence is not covered by spathe whereas spadix inflorescence is covered by spathe.
In catkin inflorescence male and female flowers are present on different catkins whereas in spadix inflorescence male and female flowers may be present on same spadix or on different spadices.
In catkin inflorescence whole peduncle is fertile whereas in spadix inflorescence apical part of peduncle is sterile i.e flowerless and is called appendix.
In catkin inflorescence there is nothing special to attract the pollinators whereas in spadix inflorescence spathe and appendix are coloured which attract the pollinators.
Catkin : example, Morus alba,
Spadix: example, Colocasia
By : Ashwani Kumar,
biology teacher,
Phagwara.
Sunday 3 February 2019
Difference between spike and spadix inflorescence
A spike inflorescence is that in which elongated peduncle bears sessile flowers in acropetal order. A spadix is a modified form of spike in which fleshy peduncle bears sessile flowers.
In spike whole peduncle bears flowers whereas in spadix upper sterile part of peduncle is called appendix whereas lower sterile part bears unisexual flowers .
In spike, inflorescence is not covered by spathe whereas in spadix inflorescence whole inflorescence is covered with one or more large bracts called spathes.
By: Ashwani, biology teacher, Phagwara.
In spike whole peduncle bears flowers whereas in spadix upper sterile part of peduncle is called appendix whereas lower sterile part bears unisexual flowers .
In spike, inflorescence is not covered by spathe whereas in spadix inflorescence whole inflorescence is covered with one or more large bracts called spathes.
By: Ashwani, biology teacher, Phagwara.
Difference between Corymb inflorescence and umbel inflorescence
1. In case of corymb inflorescence peduncle is long and bears flowers at different levels. In case of umbel inflorescence peduncle is reduced to a point and all flowers arise from this point .
2. In corymb inflorescence flowers are present in a acropetal order whereas in umbel inflorescence flowers are present in centripetal order.
3. In corymb Inflorescence older flowers have longer pedicels whereas in umbel inflorescence there is no much difference in length of pedicels.
4. In corymb inflorescence involcure is absent whereas in umbel inflorescence involcure is mostly present.
By: Ashwani, biology teacher,Phagwara.
2. In corymb inflorescence flowers are present in a acropetal order whereas in umbel inflorescence flowers are present in centripetal order.
3. In corymb Inflorescence older flowers have longer pedicels whereas in umbel inflorescence there is no much difference in length of pedicels.
4. In corymb inflorescence involcure is absent whereas in umbel inflorescence involcure is mostly present.
By: Ashwani, biology teacher,Phagwara.
Difference between pedicel and peduncle.
Stalk of the flower bearing a flower is called pedicel whereas flower bearing axis of shoot is called peduncle and it may have one to many flowers.
By: Ashwani, Biology teacher,Phagwara.
By: Ashwani, Biology teacher,Phagwara.
Difference between phylloclade and phyllode
1. Phylloclade is a modified stem which is green and performs photosynthesis.on the other hand, a phyllode or phyllodia is modified petiole with or without rachis which performs photosynthesis.
2. Phylloclade arises from axil of leaf .Phyllode is not an axillary structure as it itself is a modification of a part of leaf.
3. Axillary bud is absent as phyllode itself develops from a axillary bud. In case of phyllode axillary bud is present .
4. Phylloclade bears leaves , flowers and fruits whereas these structures are absent in phyllode.
5. Phylloclades are mostly succulent and store water, latex, food etc .Phyllodes are never succulent.
6. Phylloclade may help in vegetative reproduction whereas a phyllode do not help in vegetative reproduction.
By: Ashwani, biology teacher,Phagwara.
2. Phylloclade arises from axil of leaf .Phyllode is not an axillary structure as it itself is a modification of a part of leaf.
3. Axillary bud is absent as phyllode itself develops from a axillary bud. In case of phyllode axillary bud is present .
4. Phylloclade bears leaves , flowers and fruits whereas these structures are absent in phyllode.
5. Phylloclades are mostly succulent and store water, latex, food etc .Phyllodes are never succulent.
6. Phylloclade may help in vegetative reproduction whereas a phyllode do not help in vegetative reproduction.
By: Ashwani, biology teacher,Phagwara.
Difference between leaf tendril and stem tendril
1. Leaf tendrils are mostly unbranched whereas stem tendrils may be branched or unbranched .
2. In case of leaf tendrils scale leaves are absent whereas in case of stem tendrils scale leaves may be present at the point of branching.
3. Buds are absent in leaf tendrils whereas axillary buds may be present in the axil of scale leaves.
4. In case of leaf tendril whole leaf or a part of it develops into tendril whereas a branch of stem or a bud develops into stem tendril.
By: Ashwani Kumar,
Biology teacher,
phagwara.
2. In case of leaf tendrils scale leaves are absent whereas in case of stem tendrils scale leaves may be present at the point of branching.
3. Buds are absent in leaf tendrils whereas axillary buds may be present in the axil of scale leaves.
4. In case of leaf tendril whole leaf or a part of it develops into tendril whereas a branch of stem or a bud develops into stem tendril.
By: Ashwani Kumar,
Biology teacher,
phagwara.
Saturday 2 February 2019
Pinnate Compound Vs Palmate Compound Leaf
In pinnate compound leaf the leaflets are present on either side of long axis whereas in palmately compound leaf the leaflets are attached to common axis.
In pinnately compound leaf there are two rows of leaflets whereas in palmately compound leaf there is a cluster of leaflets.
In pinnately compound laf there is no joint between leaflet and axis whereas in palmately compound leaf there is joint between leaflets and point of attachment.
Leaflet bearing axis is continuation of petiole or a branch of midrib whereas in palmately compound leaf the leaflets are attached to the tip of the petiole.
In pinnately compound leaf there are two rows of leaflets whereas in palmately compound leaf there is a cluster of leaflets.
In pinnately compound laf there is no joint between leaflet and axis whereas in palmately compound leaf there is joint between leaflets and point of attachment.
Leaflet bearing axis is continuation of petiole or a branch of midrib whereas in palmately compound leaf the leaflets are attached to the tip of the petiole.
By: Ashwani,Biology teacher, Phagwara.
Simple leaf Vs Compound leaf
In simple leaf lamina is not divided into lobes or leaflets whereas in compound leaf lamina is divided into distinct leaflets.
Simple leaves develop on stem in acropetal order whereas in compound leaf all the leaflets develop simultaneously therefore, there is no acropetal arrangement.
Simple leaf may have bud in it
s axil whereas in compound leaf a bud is present in axil of whole leaf but individual leaflet does not bear buds.
In simple leaf stipule may be present at base whereas in compound leaf stipule may be present at base of whole leaf but not at base of individual leaflet (exception is Beans).
By:Ashwani, Biology teacher,Phagwara.
Simple leaves develop on stem in acropetal order whereas in compound leaf all the leaflets develop simultaneously therefore, there is no acropetal arrangement.
Simple leaf may have bud in it
s axil whereas in compound leaf a bud is present in axil of whole leaf but individual leaflet does not bear buds.
In simple leaf stipule may be present at base whereas in compound leaf stipule may be present at base of whole leaf but not at base of individual leaflet (exception is Beans).
By:Ashwani, Biology teacher,Phagwara.
Friday 1 February 2019
Reticulate Vs Parallel Venation
1. In reticulate venation the main vein give rise to lateral veins which divide and redivide to form a network or reticulum. On the other hand in parallel venation the veins run parallel to each other and do not form reticulum or network.
2. Reticulate venation is found in dicots whereas parallel venation is found in monocots.
By: Ashwani Kumar,
Biology teacher,
Phagwara
Monday 21 January 2019
Prop roots Vs Stilt roots
1.Prop roots develop from the upper horizontal branches of the tree whereas stilt roots develop from the basal node of the plant stem.
2. Prop roots grow vertically whereas the stilt roots grow obliquely from the basal node.
3. Prop roots give support like a pillar whereas stilt roots work like ropes of a tent.
4. Young prop roots are hygroscopic whereas young stilt roots are not hygroscopic.
Prop roots are found in banyan whereas stilt roots are found in maize and sugarcane.
By: Ashwani Kumar,
biology teacher ,Phagwara
2. Prop roots grow vertically whereas the stilt roots grow obliquely from the basal node.
3. Prop roots give support like a pillar whereas stilt roots work like ropes of a tent.
4. Young prop roots are hygroscopic whereas young stilt roots are not hygroscopic.
Prop roots are found in banyan whereas stilt roots are found in maize and sugarcane.
By: Ashwani Kumar,
biology teacher ,Phagwara
Friday 18 January 2019
Difference between Tap root system and Adventitious root system
1.Tap root system arises from radicle of the embryo whereas the adventitious roots arise from any part of the plant body other than radical or its branches .They can arise from stem, leaves etc.
2.In tap root system there is single main root called tap root which bears branches in an acropetal manner .In adventitious roots there are number of equally strong fibrous roots present in clusters.
3.Tap root system is underground whereas adventitious roots may be underground or aerial.
4.In tap root system the primary root or tap root persists throughout life of plant. In adventitious root system the primary root is short lived and is replaced by adventitious roots.
5.Tap root system may be deep feeder or surface feeder whereas adventitious root system is mostly surface feeder.
2.In tap root system there is single main root called tap root which bears branches in an acropetal manner .In adventitious roots there are number of equally strong fibrous roots present in clusters.
3.Tap root system is underground whereas adventitious roots may be underground or aerial.
4.In tap root system the primary root or tap root persists throughout life of plant. In adventitious root system the primary root is short lived and is replaced by adventitious roots.
5.Tap root system may be deep feeder or surface feeder whereas adventitious root system is mostly surface feeder.
By: Ashwani Kumar,
Biology teacher,Phagwara
Difference between Respiratory roots and Assimilatory roots roots
1. Respiratory roots occur in plants growing in marshy areas whereas assimilatory roots occurs in plants growing in terrestrial and aquatic habitat and even in epiphytic plants.
2. Respiratory roots are non green
hence do not perform photosynthesis. Assimilatory roots are green and perform photosynthesis.
3. Respiratory roots are negatively geotropic . Assimilatory roots are diageotropic ,which means they tend to grow horizontal to the line of gravity .They may be plagio-geotropic which means they tend to grow at an angle oblique angle to the line of gravity.
4. Respiratory roots have covering of cork whereas assimilatory roots lack the covering of cork.
5.Respiratory roots have lenticels for gaseous exchange. Assimilatory roots lack lenticels. The gaseous exchange occurs through the general surface of roots.
6. Respiratory roots are modifications of tap root system whereas assimilatory roots are a type of adventitious roots.
By: Ashwani Kumar,
Biology teacher,Phagwara .
2. Respiratory roots are non green
hence do not perform photosynthesis. Assimilatory roots are green and perform photosynthesis.
3. Respiratory roots are negatively geotropic . Assimilatory roots are diageotropic ,which means they tend to grow horizontal to the line of gravity .They may be plagio-geotropic which means they tend to grow at an angle oblique angle to the line of gravity.
4. Respiratory roots have covering of cork whereas assimilatory roots lack the covering of cork.
5.Respiratory roots have lenticels for gaseous exchange. Assimilatory roots lack lenticels. The gaseous exchange occurs through the general surface of roots.
6. Respiratory roots are modifications of tap root system whereas assimilatory roots are a type of adventitious roots.
By: Ashwani Kumar,
Biology teacher,Phagwara .
Sunday 13 January 2019
Differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
1.The gymnosperms usually are not herbaceous, whereas, majority of angiosperms are herbaceous.
2. The gymnosperms are perennial whereas angiosperms may be annual biennial or perennial.
3. In gymnosperms the reproductive structures are cones which are unisexual, whereas, in angiosperms the reproductive structures are flowers which may be unisexual or bisexual.
4. In gymnosperms, during pollination the pollen grains fall on the micropyle , whereas in angiosperms they fall on the stigma.
5. In gymnosperms the pollination is mainly occurs through anemophily whereas in angiosperms the pollination may occur through anemophily, entomophily ,hydrophily also .
6.Ovules are naked in gymnosperms ,whereas, they are protected in ovaries or carpels in angiosperms.
7. in gymnosperms the archegonia are present in female gametophyte, whereas, angiosperms lack archegonia.
8. In gymnosperms there is no double fertilization, only single fertilization occurs ,whereas, in angiosperms double fertilization occur.
9.Cleavage polyembryony is common in gymnosperms where is it is absent in angiosperms.
10. In gymnosperms zygote undergoes free nuclear division where is zygote of angiosperms does not divide by free nuclear division .
11.Vegetative reproduction is rare in gymnosperms, whereas, it is very common in angiosperms.
2. The gymnosperms are perennial whereas angiosperms may be annual biennial or perennial.
3. In gymnosperms the reproductive structures are cones which are unisexual, whereas, in angiosperms the reproductive structures are flowers which may be unisexual or bisexual.
4. In gymnosperms, during pollination the pollen grains fall on the micropyle , whereas in angiosperms they fall on the stigma.
5. In gymnosperms the pollination is mainly occurs through anemophily whereas in angiosperms the pollination may occur through anemophily, entomophily ,hydrophily also .
6.Ovules are naked in gymnosperms ,whereas, they are protected in ovaries or carpels in angiosperms.
7. in gymnosperms the archegonia are present in female gametophyte, whereas, angiosperms lack archegonia.
8. In gymnosperms there is no double fertilization, only single fertilization occurs ,whereas, in angiosperms double fertilization occur.
9.Cleavage polyembryony is common in gymnosperms where is it is absent in angiosperms.
10. In gymnosperms zygote undergoes free nuclear division where is zygote of angiosperms does not divide by free nuclear division .
11.Vegetative reproduction is rare in gymnosperms, whereas, it is very common in angiosperms.
Tuesday 1 January 2019
Dinoflagellates and Red Tides
Dinoflagellates are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms.most of the species are marine.some are found in freshwater.size ranges from 15 to 40microns.A species Noctiluca is larger ,can have size around 2mm.they have two flagella which help them to swim.their chromosomes are in highly condensed form.they have large quantity of DNA.although they are eukaryotes but they don't have histones.many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic.all are not photosynthetic.some dinoflagellates are symbiotic and live in marine invertebrates like sponges,corals,jellyfish etc some live within ciliates,foraminiferans and radiolarians.the non photosynthetic species are heterotrophic.they feed on other planktond or even on each other .noctiluca can even feed on fish eggs.several species of dinoflageyshow bioluminescence. dinoflagellates are second producers after diatoms in aquatic ecosystem. many genera of dinoflagellates cause red tide.these include Gonyaulax, Karenia ,Gymnodinium ,Dinophysis, Noctiluca, Chattonella,Amoebophyra.these contain photosynthetic pigments whose colour varies from brown to red. some red tides are bioluminescent.in addition to dinoflagellates red tides also contain diatoms.some red tides are harmful .some species of dinoflagellates causing red tides produce toxins which cause death of fishes. human can get affected by eating shell fish caught from water having red tide recently. shell fish feeds on dinoflagellates and eating toxic dinoflagellates in large amount during red tide cause accumulation of toxin inshell fish.eating such fish can cause serious health problems to man.
By: Ashwani,Biology Teacher,Phagwara.
By: Ashwani,Biology Teacher,Phagwara.
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